En Dashes Clarify Compound Phrasal Adjectives

En Dashes Clarify Compound Phrasal Adjectives En Dashes Clarify Compound Phrasal Adjectives En Dashes Clarify Compound Phrasal Adjectives By Mark Nichol Some style guides suggest utilizing en runs instead of hyphens for a wide assortment of employments, however The Chicago Manual of Style, the manual of record for most American distributing organizations, educates a progressively constrained set regarding applications. As per Chicago style, these sentences would all be composed with hyphens, not en runs: â€Å"He had since quite a while ago flown the San Francisco-Los Angeles run.† â€Å"In 1930, the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act went into effect.† â€Å"The last score was 6-5.† â€Å"After conversation, the board casted a ballot 6-3 to favor the project.† â€Å"Their father-child contention continued for some years.† â€Å"The Michelson-Morley analyze was a noteworthy achievement while in transit to the hypothesis of exceptional relativity.† What, at that point, are en runs for? To begin with, they separate two numbers in a number range (as in the comprehensive page numbers in a section, or the long stretches of birth and demise in a person’s life length). Second, the en run capacities as a superhyphen. It is this second capacity that this post subtleties. In a straightforward phrasal descriptor, two single words that, as a brief compound, change a thing are frequently hyphenated: â€Å"Her oppressive motion backfired.† (The hyphen’s work is to dispose of uncertainty, with the goal that the sentence isn't comprehended as alluding to a gave signal that is high.) Be that as it may, when the first of the two terms in the impermanent compound is itself an aggravate, the more prominent suspensive quality of the en run is utilized, as in â€Å"She wears jam jarâ€bottom glasses† or â€Å"The character’s sources go right back to the brilliant eggâ€laying enchantment goose.† Then again, these sentences can be styled with hyphens between the three words in each phrasal descriptor, as in â€Å"She wears jam-container base glasses† and â€Å"The character’s causes go right back to the brilliant egg-laying enchantment goose.† This style is utilized when en runs are disheartened or impossible, for example, on the web (on Web locales, en runs, in contrast to hyphens, require utilization of a code) or in papers, the vast majority of which don't utilize the more drawn out image. In any case, such utilization of hyphenation doesn't exhibit the inconspicuous connection between the components of the phrasal descriptor. Notwithstanding connecting an open compound to another descriptor, an en run serves to associate a formal person, place or thing to a word that demonstrates likeness or another relationship: â€Å"The character is part Clint Eastwoodâ€type cowboy.† â€Å"You can consider him to be a Leonardo da Vinciâ€like genius.† â€Å"She advanced from being a smooth Mata Hariâ€esque female to an increasingly adjusted, rough and tumble figure.† This structure explains that type alludes, for instance, to â€Å"Clint Eastwood,† not to â€Å"Eastwood† alone. En runs interface the ideas in the accompanying expressions: â€Å"Academy Awardâ€winning actor,† preâ€Industrial Revolution technology,† â€Å"exâ€vice president,† and â€Å"nonâ€United Nations action.† However, while associating a term to a hyphenated aggravate, a straightforward hyphen is utilized, as in â€Å"non-English-talking visitors† or â€Å"non-government-supported programs.† Another case wherein a hyphen, not an en run, is utilized is â€Å"post-9/11,† in light of the fact that the short type of the month-date assignment isn't viewed as a compound. Need to improve your English shortly a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Style class, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:20 Computer Terms You Should KnowEnglish Grammar 101: Verb Mood25 Idioms with Clean

How to Keep a Lake Healthy and Clean

Step by step instructions to Keep a Lake Healthy and Clean Living with a lake view can be an awesome method to feel near nature, to appreciate oceanic exercises, and to encounter the seasons as they pass by. In any case, possessing lakeshore property accompanies duties towards the natural wellbeing of the lake. To have the option to keep appreciating the normal magnificence and recreational exercises a lake brings to the table, and toâ keep your propertys esteem up, here are a couple of steps to consider: Limit Runoff Contamination is maybe the most immediate danger to a lake biological system. Without mechanical waste release, a great part of the toxins originate from precipitation overflow. Maybe the absolute most significant advance to forestall water contamination is to control the measure of toxin that gets into the lake washed in by precipitation. This can be cultivated through a few methodologies: Limit your garden territory. Keeping up a grass yard is regularly thought to mean the utilization of composts and herbicides and it is extremely hard to portion them exactly. Downpour will move abundance compost into the lake, which will animate malodorous, unattractive, and possibly harmful algal blossoms. Consider skirting the manure, and figure out how to live with a flawed yard. Even better, cut down on the measure of yard you have to keep up. Herbicides can be poisonous to sea-going life †on the off chance that you have to utilize them, spot treat the issue regions as needed.Capture overflow from impenetrable surfaces. Housetops and garages are instances of impenetrable surfaces, which don't permit water to permeate into the dirt. Rather, water gathers toxins and speeds off, adding to soil disintegration. These dirt particles end up in lakes, making sedimentation issues. Rooftop spillover can be caught with downpour barrels, and later used to water blossom beds. Street over flow can be steered into a downpour garden made of water-cherishing plants. The vitality of the moving water will be ingested, hindering disintegration, and the suspended particles will get kept in the nursery, rather than in the lake. On the off chance that you’re arranging another or substitution carport, consider porous ones made of pavers which lets run water through and arrive at the dirt. Secure Natural Shoreline Vegetation Exposed grass right to the shoreline may be a tasteful that interests to a few, yet it is terrible to a lake. It is essential to secure existing vegetation along the shoreline: the bushes and trees there keep the shallow waters cooler, forestalling unattractive algal blossoms and ensuring fish living space. The plants’ attaches clutch the shoreline soil, forestalling disintegration. A thick vegetation strip along the shore additionally goes about as a cradle, retaining poisons and silt streaming towards the lake.Replace lost or harmed shoreline vegetation by planting local species. Your neighborhood nursery ought to have the option to recommend quickly developing, tough plants adjusted to wet shoreline conditions. Debilitate Invasive Species When arranging your property, stick to local plant species, particularly along the shoreline. Extraordinary plants can get obtrusive and quickly spread along the shore, dislodging local ones and disturbing the amphibian environment. Harming invasiveâ plants incorporate phragmites, purple loosestrife, and reed canary grass.A basic route for intrusive aquatics plants to enter a lake is by hitching a ride on a vessel (an obtrusive animal varieties vector). Bits of green growth or plant can be stuck on a vessel propeller, or on the trailer, and be incidentally moved starting with one lake then onto the next. To keep away from this,â take safeguards before placing a vessel in and even better think about actualizing a pontoon examination station at the open pontoon incline. Numerous states have awards to help landowner relationship in subsidizing these assessments. Especially troubling are Eurasian water-milfoil and​ the spiked water bug, as they can profoundly change a lakeâ€⠄¢s biology and fundamentally modify recreational exercises. More amicable Fishing Innumerable lakes presently have obtrusive fish species that were presented by fishermen. Don’t be a basin scholar †just utilize local fish, crawfish, and bloodsuckers as trap. Numerous lakes have sea-going biological systems that have now been changed by the presentation of yellow roost, brilliant shiners, or rock bass.A especially slippery type of lake contamination is lead to lost tackle. Practice sans lead angling, and abstain from making the untamed life wiped out. Nut cases, grebes, ducks, and bald eagles are especially helpless. Practice Green Boating Speedboat exercises can be troublesome to a lake’s wellbeing from multiple points of view. Maintain a strategic distance from these issues by picking human-controlled alternatives: kayak, kayak, boat, or stand-up paddleboard.If you are utilizing a speedboat, favor four-stroke motors more than two-stroke ones. They have better mileage, less discharges, and are calmer. They additionally don't discharge unburned fuel into the water, which two-strokes do.Mind your wake. Slow down when you are close to shore, as the wave activity made by vessels can build shore disintegration, discharging dregs, and harm shoreline vegetation. Controlling Waste Water Follow existing neighborhood mandates for your septic frameworks. Guidelines indicate a base separation between the lake shore and your septic framework. Furthermore, customary investigations and upkeep will guarantee it works appropriately. Defective septic frameworks are a significant wellspring of supplement pollution.Mind the items that end up in your septic tank †one of the principle issues is the green growth taking care of phosphate in cleansers. Clothing cleanser is presently to a great extent sans phosphate in the United States, yet many dish-washing cleanser marks despite everything contain it.However enticing it is, abstain from washing in the lake. Shampoos and cleansers contain synthetics that are not well disposed to sea-going biological systems, in spite of the â€Å"biodegradable† or â€Å"all natural† marks on the container. Going the Extra Mile Join your lake affiliation and be a voice for protection. At the point when issues emerge, examine them and advance ecologically solid arrangements. In the United States, state branches of common assets for the most part have limnologists (lake researchers) who can respond to your inquiries. Also, many state colleges have agreeable augmentation administrations which might have the option to help you.Be associated with your provincial land trust. They might have the option to assist you with ensuring bits of shoreline property that are critical to the strength of a lake.

8 Habits of Highly Effective Email Marketing Strategists

Much the same as beginning another exercise routine, keeping up a viable email promoting procedure requires some great propensities. Getting into the correct routine won't just assist you with keeping your crusades new, yet will likewise assist them with remaining on target. Not certain where to begin? Dread not †I’ve gathered together the eight most basic propensities for powerful email advertisers. 1. They Test Their Campaigns The key to accomplishment in email promoting has little to do with karma †it’s about testing. Start A/B testing your battles to figure out which components have the greatest effect on your open rates. A couple of basic things you could test include: Titles Send times Source of inspiration catches Content 2. They Keep An Eye On Their Results Not exclusively do the best email advertisers test various components of their crusades, yet they likewise cautiously screen the outcomes. The intrigue and needs of your endorsers will change and develop after some time, which implies that the best sort of message will likewise change. Watch out for an assortment of measurements: open rates, click rates and opens by explicit gadgets. You’ll have the option to make sense of what kind of substance best hits the imprint with your supporters. 3. They Automate As Much As They Can For what reason do all the difficult work yourself? Computerizing your email promoting can spare you time and even lift your open rates. Research shows that computerized email messages have about a 70.5% higher open rate than non-robotized messages. There are a lot of email messages you can automateâ€welcome messages, thank-you messages, birthday welcome and that's only the tip of the iceberg. Doesn’t it feel great when somebody recollects your name or reviews some little insight concerning you? Getting an email that addresses your inclinations and requirements isn’t entirely different †that’s why the best email advertisers make a propensity for customizing their messages however much as could be expected. Dividing your rundown dependent on customer conduct or segment data is a decent method to begin. You would then be able to utilize dynamic substance to make super-focused on, profoundly customized messages. 5. They Pay Attention To Their Email Copy Headlines are indispensable for moving individuals to open your email messages in any case, yet don’t neglect to invest energy into the real body of the email. Let’s face it †individuals don’t need to swim through indulgent dividers of content, particularly when they’re most likely over-burden with messages as of now. Keep your messages straightforward, and remain important all through the message. In the event that you have a great deal of data to share, split it up with shots, numbered records and subheadings. 6. They Follow Best Practices For Email Design The look and feel of your email assumes a major job in deciding if an endorser continues perusing or just erases the message. Brilliant email advertisers utilize great plan methodologies in their messages, creating peruser neighborly messages with eye-getting hues and connecting with pictures just as ensuring that messages look great on work area screens just as on cell phones. 7. They’re Not Afraid To Experiment Don’t let the dread of committing errors shield you from arriving at your actual email showcasing potential. At times you have to step outside your usual range of familiarity and take a risk. By and large, the potential advantages of having a go at something new exceed the danger of coming up short with a bunch of endorsers. There is nothing more awful than sending an email and afterward understanding that you missed a grammatical mistake or that a connection is wrong. Incredible substance advertisers will send test messages first to guarantee that everything is right and that pictures are showing as they ought to on all programs, gadgets and email customers. In the event that your present email advertising programming doesn’t give you command more than at least one of these 8 propensities, consider changing to one that better meets your requirements. Achievement Comes From Consistency On the off chance that you need to guarantee that your email battles accomplish the outcomes you need, you have to imitate the propensities for fruitful email advertisers. It requires some investment to set up new schedules, however in the event that you can receive these propensities you’ll have a superior possibility of discovering accomplishment in your email advertising.

Psychology Essay Topic Theories Explaining Human growth and Development

Psychology Essay Topic: Theories Explaining Human growth and Development Courtesy:reason-marketing.com Introduction Human growth and development requires a lot of things to happen. In many cases, various issues that a child undergoes when born affect the growth and development of the child. Therefore, the situations in life that a child experiences, the kind of environment (Wodarski, Dziegielewski, 2002, p. 40) a child is brought up in and the kind of people the child relates to affects the growth and development of that person. The factors that affect human growth and development can be either natural or human inflicted depending on the cause of that situation. There are various theories that have been put forward in order to help people understand the life cycle development and the human behavior. These theories that have been selected for this case study are: Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory According to the Psychoanalytic theory developed by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), human development and growth is always driven by motives and emotions that people hold and which people are mostly unaware of those motives and emotions. The theory explains that the earlier experience that an individual had helps in shaping the life of that particular individual. Every experience that a person undergoes in this would shapes how the life of that person will be and how the relationship of the individual and the other people will be in future (Beckett, C., Taylor, 2010, p.30). Eriksons Theory of Psychosocial Development The theory of Psychosocial Development as developed by Erik Erikson (1902- ) which revised Freud’s theory of Psychoanalytic, places more emphasis on the influences related to social experiences of an individual.  The theory also emphasizes on the development of stares using a broader focus, giving emphasis to the ego and expression of views of human nature that are positive and application of the theory throughout the life of human beings (Wodarski, Dziegielewski, 2002, p.5). ESSAY ANALYSIS Argument breakdown The argument of the essay is human growth and development is affected by different factors. These are natural or man-made. The thesis statement of the essay appears to be â€Å"There are various theories that have been put forward in order to help people understand the life cycle development and the human behavior.† The two body paragraphs each present one of these theories. Argument analysis Argumentative essay must investigate theories behind human behavior. However, besides a summary of the chosen theories, real-life data and examples of their effects can support the argument well. The argument succeeds at giving two points of view natural and man-made effects on development to support the main idea. The essay can be much stronger if the writer included examples of the how human characteristics are affected by the principles of the two theories. Introduction The introduction contains background information and a clear thesis statement. The writer should not split the introduction into two parts for this type of essay. Body paragraph 1 Argument The essay writer presents Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytic theory which focuses on emotions and   motives and their effects on growth and development. The idea works well because it highlights natural, human characteristics. Reasoning While the information is valid, it appears the writer has only summarized Sigmund Freud’s theory without further analysis. Critical thinking needs to be used to link Freud’s principles to examples of growth and development trends among people in specific environments or with specific upbringings. The paragraph would improve with a topic sentence. For example, the topic sentence could state the name and developer of the theory. It could also state that natural elements affect growth according to this theory. Body paragraph 2 Argument   A second theory is presented here. Eriksons theory of Psychosocial Development focuses on the effects of social experiences on development. This leans towards human-inflicted factors, so it is a good argument to support the thesis statement. As with the first body paragraph, the writer should first state the main point of the theory and introduce it in a topic sentence. Reasoning The writer has not explored the links between Eriksons theory and actual growth and development tendencies. Appropriate statistics or examples justify the inclusion of this theory in the essay. Analysis summary The essay almost succeeds at following the structure of a good academic essay. The arguments are valid, and they support a clear thesis statement. However, a lack of topic sentences and a failure to give a critical analysis of the theories weakens the paper. The author should edit essay conclusion and summarize the thesis and main points. Moreover, concise language would clarify ideas and strengthen the essay’s argument.

International Decision Making Free Essay Example, 2250 words

Multinational decision making involves quadrants where managers are required to make decisions basing on the differences existing between national markets and operating environments. A company using the multi decision making strategy lays major emphasis toward the primary and national differences existing in their markets and productions, therefore, adopting an approach of decision making which entails marketing strategies from one country to the other in accordance to the differences of customers taste and preferences in the specific countries. Moreover, these companies are also forced to adopt industry characteristics of different countries and the government regulations used in each country to place themselves in a position where they can directly benefit from their expansion exercises in the region (Harzing, 2000). Therefore, the form of decision making made by these companies is always decentralized and related to foreign operations as it was more opportunistic for the companie s that when the process of decision making is centralized in all markets and foreign countries. A good example here is the use of Heineken Company which perfectly blends into the international markets of different countries as they provide classic choices for their customers in each and every country they decide to make an expansion in. We will write a custom essay sample on International Decision Making or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The best strategy that can be applied by such companies faced with multi decision making involves the adoption of the multi-domestic strategy in the operations. This strategy involves entering or moving towards internationalization through the use of local products which are domestically made through such channels like conducting good marketing campaign on the product or services to attract audiences both within and outside into purchasing or ordering for the purchase of the product. Moreover, it also involves channeling the production process to suit the different needs of the targeted audiences in different areas or different countries.

Interest in Studying Accounting and Finance Personal Statement

Essays on Interest in Studying Accounting and Finance Personal Statement The paper "Interest in Studying Accounting and Finance" is a worthy example of a personal statement on finance and accounting. I am interested in studying Accounting and Finance since I am convinced the course will enable me to work safeguard public interest as an accountant in a global multinational company. I am aware accounting and finance require excellent computational skills, problem-solving skills and analytical thinking due to the challenging nature of the profession. Â  I have studied four AS level subjects that are physics, chemistry, Mathematics Mechanics and Further Mathematics. I have enjoyed studying Mathematics Mechanics and Further Mathematics due to the clarity of the courses and mathematical formulas that are essential in solving problems that affect the day-to-day life of individuals. This year, I represented my school in Mathematics competition (The UK mathematics Trust and the Further Mathematics Support Programme). I have a good understanding of arithmetic and algebra that will enable me to excel in my introductory accounting courses. I am studying double mathematics and mathematical calculations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of numbers will be useful in my accounting course. My Further mathematics subject entailed learning statistical calculations such as quantile functions, expected value, probability and binomial distributions that I believe will be useful in my accounting course.I have excellent communication and interpersonal skills that will enable me to interact well with peers at the University. I managed to become friends with many students due to my calmness, listening skills, and social skills. I chaired our study group and moderated debates in mathematics discussions. Accordingly, I have analytical skills and I am attentive to details. I am capable of reading between the lines and identifying finer details of any assignment through the use of different perspectives to understand the content and re quirements of the assignment. My computer skills such as word processing, powerpoint presentation and excel calculations will facilitate my understanding of accounting information systems in preparing financial statements. I undertook a course in accounting during the summer holidays and I was interested in the accounting topics. I also worked at the accounting department of the family Travel agency business for three weeks were in did some practical accounting tasks like recording expenses and preparing invoices and I found the experience exciting.I am a quick learner and critical thinker thus I will accomplish financial reporting subjects successfully. For instance, my analytical skills in mathematics will facilitate the understanding of financial reporting in accounting. I have a high degree of integrity and accountability that will enable me to provide financial advice that will facilitate the users of the accounting reports and statements to make informed business decisions.Dur ing school, I enjoyed playing badminton with friends and was an active member of the badminton club. During my free time, I really enjoy reading magazines related to accounting and business in order to develop an understanding of the general business environment, accounting trends and gain more knowledge of the financial markets. For instance, I usually read Forbes magazine especially topics related to business accounting like shares, new business ventures, and money market features.I believe I have the necessary skills and attributes that will enable me to excel in this course at University. I promise to adhere to all the University policies and I am confident of success in the accounting and finance course since I am self-motivated towards attaining my career goals. I manage my time wisely and will accomplish all course assignments within the stipulated deadlines and attain high grades in my course. I am looking forward to having an opportunity to study the course at your Universi ty and fulfill my career aspirations.

Health and Safety Beneficial for the Employees

Questions: 1. Evaluate current health and safety Acts, Regulations and their application in the built environment with particular emphasis to the engineering and construction sectors;2. Demonstrate a wide knowledge of the nature of human factors and their influence upon safe work planning. Develop and apply human factor analysis to human errors in work place planning3. Analyse working situations, develop and apply strategies which ensure effective management of health and safety ;4. Appraise the study of health and safety culture, the root of malpractice and consider processes of development of accident free working environments by reference to case studies and example situations? Answers: Introduction Today industrialization is considered as a growth parameter of a country as well as a region, and the workers are considered as the cornerstone of an Industry. However, it is found that in most of the cases the workers in the industries experiences more health hazards than workers in other field are. Therefore, it is important for the company managements to take care of the health and safety of the workers or labors who are exposed to the hazardous conditions while working for their company (Hymel et al. 2011). The Occupational health and safety (OHS) or the occupational safety and health (OSH) or workplace health and safety (WHS) is a well-versed field that deals with safety, welfare and health of the people who are who are engaged in employment or work. According to WHO (World Health Organization), occupational health deals with all aspects of health and safety in the workplace and has a strong focus on primary prevention of hazards (Gnoni et al. 2013). The goal of OSH is to foster a better, healthier and safer working environment for the workers. Health and safety management of a company not only focus on the safety of a worker but also co-workers, family members, even customers who may get affected by the environment of a workplace. Workplace hazards It is the responsibility of the employers of a company to protect their workers from possible health hazards of their workplace. On the other hand, the workers have rights to know about the possible hazards of their working environment (Hughes and Ferrett 2012). There are different type workplace hazards such as biological hazards, airborne substances, noise exposure, sunlight exposure, chemical exposure and biomechanical demands. Figure 1: Different types of hazards in workplace Responsibility of the management systems The management of a company plays a key role to take care of the safety of the workers involved in this company. It is the responsibility of the management system to build up a safety organization within a company and implement proper safety rules and regulation to control the work force of a company (Zalk et al. 2010). The authority needs to perform safety and health inspections in a regular time interval and analyze job hazard analysis for an individual employee. Besides, the workplace needs to be prepared for the emergencies or accidents. The management also has to provide proper training to the workers so that they do not easily get hurt themselves. The management is bound to serve proper equipment to the workers so that they can protect themselves from the hazardous environments of the company (Hale et al. 2010). Preparing a safer place, in turn, helps the company to build their reputation and increase their work force. To prepare a safety working cycle the management needs to p repare development plan then implement those steps in the work place. The authority also needs to measure and take corrective actions, which will lead to prepare a perfect safety policy for the workers. Figure 2: Preparation of safety policies Identification of safety and health hazards of a work place The identification of safety and health hazards varies from country to country. A hazard is considered as something, which is harmful to the workers. On the other hand, a risk is considered as a blend of probability that an outcome will be found and the harshness of the harm concerned. Hazard, risk, and outcome are the three words that are used mostly in the field of work places, especially in industries. According to OSH (Occupational health and safety), "harm" can be described and divided in the different contest as harm can be caused due to different reasons in the workplace. Harm in a workplace can be divided into different types such as permanent or temporary, mental, physical, indirect or direct, or social being of workers. Such as when the workers in the industrial area forced to handle heavy objects manually, they may get hurt, which is recognized as physical hazards (Armstrong and Taylor 2014). On the other hand, biochemical and chemical hazards can take place in a workplace while handling chemical manuals without proper equipment to protection. This kind of hazards can take place in a workplace like industries and the health care centers. This biochemical or chemical hazards can be considered as permanent or temporary depending on the severity of the injury experienced by the workers. On the other hand, the workers in the industries of third world countries it is observed that most of the workers in those industrial areas are forced to work under sunlight. Exposure to noise is another problem faced by the workers in the industrial area (Elsler et al. 2010). Exposure to sunlight or in loud noises may cause health problems to the workers such as vomiting, dizziness, deafness etc. To avoid these consequences, it is important the management of the company should take proper steps to train the workers how to handle different chemicals as well as provide those proper equipment that will be helpful to protect the workers from the potential hazards of the wor kplace. Safety planning of a workplace Offering safety to the workers always showed positive feedback and company with good safety cards always attracts more works. Adequate implementation of safety plans is helpful to encourage the workers to be get involved in a work, which may have the potentiality to harm the workers' health. However, safety planning for a workplace is not an easy job to do. Preparation of safety planning includes several steps, which need some patients to implement in the working area. At first, the management needs to publish a statement that clearly showed their concern about the safety priority of the workers in the company or organization (Hughes and Ferrett 2011). Publication of this prior statement is helpful to gain the worker's confidence that the company or the organization management is concerned about their health and well-beings. Then the management authority should clarify their aim, which also needs to be a clear and precise statement stating their goal in the context of achieving worke r's safety. A specific list of objectives is also helpful to stay on the right track and begin the safety planning for an organization or a company. The objectives of the safety planning should include development of workplace environment, providing proper safety equipment to the workers, to teach the workers about the potential harm that can be caused during working in a particular environment, to provide training to the workers and staffs about how to stay safe and the duties in a medical emergency (Vinodkumar and Bhasi 2011). Then the management needs to build proper infrastructure to carry out their objectives and provide necessary safety to their staffs. In this context, the management needs to perform an assessment of risks and hazards of a particular working environment. This hazards and risks management may take some times as the procedure includes several steps such as interviewing the workers about the accidents they faced during their working period. The management also n eeds to check and find if the organization has proper equipment for the safety of workers, find out if the workers have the proper training to handle the hazardous situation or can handle chemicals that are corrosive and able to cause biohazards, etc. Then the management needs to put proper preventions to eliminate the potential health hazards. After the identification of the hazards, the management should conduct a risk assessment and analyze the result in a proper way (Granerud and Rocha 2011). The last step that can be taken by the management body is to monitor the implementation of safety procedures and rule. The proper monitoring and review will be helpful to find out further loop holes in the safety system implemented for the workers. Figure 3: Occupational health safety plan However, it is found that apart from all types of hazards mentioned and discussed above, there is another emerging health risk is emerging among the workers and currently considered as the top of the problem lists of a company or an organization. The emerging concern is the psychological risks experienced by the workers in a working place (Bond, Tuckey and Dollard 2010). In most of the cases, it is observed that the workers fainted in their work place due to losing their nerve control. According to the researchers, the reason behind this health issue in a work place is the psychological pressure experienced by the workers or staff in a certain work place (Nakao 2010). However, the psychological condition varies from person to person. Therefore, to resolve this problem the management authority of a company or an organization needs to perform a psychological assessment of their workers or staffs by a professional psychiatrist and evaluate the psychological compatibility of a worker or staff within the company. Benefits of health and safety management in a work place From the history of severe accidents took place in the industries it can be learned the health and safety should be considered with priority in a workplace. From the previous researches it is observed that no matter how big or small the business is, the authority needs to manage the safety of the workers (Locke and Romis 2012). The health and safety issue should be considered by management as their responsibility, not as their burden. In most of the cases, it is recognized that the workers who feel safe and have a welcoming environment in their workplace they feel inspired to work in that place and try to engage their friends and families in the same work place, which is certainly a beneficial factor for the growth of a company or an organization. Managing safety in the workplace is not only beneficial for the workers, but the company is also benefited. On the other hand, the numbers of industries are growing day by day. Therefore, if a company or an organization fails to meet the sa fety demand of the workers, then that may have the potentiality to harm the workers concentration (Goetsch 2013). The benefits of the implementation of safety and health can be experienced by a company is as follows- The company or the organization will be able to have a happy, healthy and motivated team. The safety enhancement can also enhance the profitability and the performance of the workers. This step can be proved as beneficial to achieve the liability insurance based on the preferential rates. Extra safety in the workplace can ensure the reduction of sick leave. Extra safety in the workplace can ensure the reduction of employee turnover. The workers will have peace of mind and will be encouraged to work with their best. Extra safety can also be proved as beneficial for the company or an organization to grow their reputation. The company will not face any legislation problems in the context of violating rules and not taking care of the workers safety. Challenges to implementing proper health and safety management in a workplace The implementation of health and safety of the patients are necessary; however it is found that most of that company faces different difficulties while implementing the safety process for the workers. It is observed that in most of the cases the small business sectors or growing companies face difficulties to ensure their workers safety due to the lack of experience and the shortage of resources (Santos et al. 2013). Therefore, they fail to offer adequate safety to the workers and attract them to work for their companies or organizations. On the other hand, the bigger industries also face difficulties regarding the health and safety of their workers. It is noticed that larger MNC companies have more than one branches and the authority management experience difficulties to control of the branches, which leads to the negligence of the health and safety of the workers and staffs within the company (Nahrgang, Morgeson and Hofmann 2011). To resolve this problem, the bigger companies need to assess health and safety condition of the different branches separately and evaluate the condition of the workers yearly as well as providing them proper training to keep themselves safe. The current health and safety acts and their application in a work place environment From the previous researches, it is observed that the practice of occupational safety and health vary within different nations. Every nation has their own regulation, incentives, legislation, policies and enforcement for compliance (Salvendy 2012). Therefore, sometimes it becomes difficult for the international companies to maintain the safety rules in their different branches of different countries. From researches, it is found that Italy has the highest number if full-time OSH inspectors per one million full-time employees (Goetsch 2011). The health and safety policies of different countries are considered as one of the most important criteria of the development of a country. Conclusion The health and safety are not only important or beneficial for the employees within a company but also, in turn, helps in the growth of a company. The safety in workplace encourages the employees more to give their best for the company. On the other hand, from the above discussion it can be said the implementation of health and safety rules may be essential for the company but it is indeed a time-consuming process and full of difficulties. However, there are certain ways and policies that can be applied by the companies to overcome the barriers and fulfill their aim. References Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014.Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Bond, S.A., Tuckey, M.R. and Dollard, M.F., 2010. Psychosocial safety climate, workplace bullying, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress.Organization Development Journal,28(1), p.37. Elsler, D., Treutlein, D., Rydlewska, I., Frusteri, L., Krger, H., Veerman, T., Eeckelaert, L., Roskams, N., Van Den Broek, K. and Taylor, T.N., 2010. A review of case studies evaluating economic incentives to promote occupational safety and health.Scandinavian journal of work, environment health, pp.289-298. Gnoni, M.G., Andriulo, S., Maggio, G. and Nardone, P., 2013. Lean occupational safety: An application for a Near-miss Management System design.Safety science,53, pp.96-104. Goetsch, D.L., 2011. Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and. Goetsch, D.L., 2013.Construction safety and health. NJ: Pearson. Granerud, R.L. and Rocha, R.S., 2011. Organisational learning and continuous improvement of health and safety in certified manufacturers.Safety Science,49(7), pp.1030-1039. Hale, A.R., Guldenmund, F.W., Van Loenhout, P.L.C.H. and Oh, J.I.H., 2010. Evaluating safety management and culture interventions to improve safety: Effective intervention strategies.Safety Science,48(8), pp.1026-1035. Hughes, P. and Ferrett, E., 2011.Introduction to health and safety at work. Routledge. Hughes, P. and Ferrett, E., 2012.Introduction to health and safety in construction. Routledge. Hymel, P.A., Loeppke, R.R., Baase, C.M., Burton, W.N., Hartenbaum, N.P., Hudson, T.W., McLellan, R.K., Mueller, K.L., Roberts, M.A., Yarborough, C.M. and Konicki, D.L., 2011. Workplace health protection and promotion: a new pathway for a healthierand saferworkforce.Journal of occupational and environmental medicine,53(6), pp.695-702. Locke, R.M. and Romis, M., 2012. Improving work conditions in global supply chains.MIT Sloan Management Review,48. Nahrgang, J.D., Morgeson, F.P. and Hofmann, D.A., 2011. Safety at work: a meta-analytic investigation of the link between job demands, job resources, burnout, engagement, and safety outcomes.Journal of Applied Psychology,96(1), p.71. Nakao, M., 2010. Work-related stress and psychosomatic medicine.Biopsychosoc Med,4(1), p.4. Salvendy, G., 2012.Handbook of human factors and ergonomics. John Wiley Sons. Santos, G., Barros, S., Mendes, F. and Lopes, N., 2013. The main benefits associated with health and safety management systems certification in Portuguese small and medium enterprises post quality management system certification.Safety science,51(1), pp.29-36. Vinodkumar, M.N. and Bhasi, M., 2011. A study on the impact of management system certification on safety management.Safety Science,49(3), pp.498-507. Zalk, D.M., Kamerzell, R., Paik, S., Kapp, J., Harrington, D. and Swuste, P., 2010. Risk level based management system: a control banding model for occupational health and safety risk management in a highly regulated environment.Industrial health,48(1), pp.18-28. Answers:

Langston Hughes Essays (843 words) - Harlem Renaissance, Jazz Poetry

Langston Hughes Langston Hughes was born in Joplin, Missouri into an abolitionist family. He was the grandson of Charles Henry Langston. His brother was John Mercer Langston, who was the the first Black American to be elected to public office in 1855. Hughes attended Central High School in Cleveland, Ohio, but began writing poetry in the eighth grade, and was selected as Class Poet. His father didn't think he would be able to make a living as a writer. His father paid his tuition to Columbia University for him to study engineering. After a short time, Langston dropped out of the program with a B+ average, all the while he continued writing poetry. His first published poem was also one of his most famous, The Negro Speaks of Rivers, and it appeared in Brownie's Book. Later, his poems, short plays, essays, and short stories appeared in the NAACP publication Crisis Magazine and in Opportunity Magazine and other publications. One of Hughes' finest essays appeared in the Nation in 1926, entitled The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain. It spoke of Black writers and poets, who would surrender racial pride in the name of a false integration, where a talented Black writer would prefer to be considered a poet, not a Black poet, which to Hughes meant he subconsciously wanted to write like a white poet. Hughes argued, no great poet has ever been afraid of being himself'. He wrote in this essay, We younger Negro artists now intend to express our individual dark-skinned selves without fear or shame. If white people are pleased we are glad. If they aren't, it doesn't matter. We know we are beautiful. And ugly too... If colored people are pleased we are glad. If they are not, their displeasure doesn't matter either. We build our temples for tomorrow, as strong as we know how and we stand on the top of the mountain, free within ourselves. In 1923, Hughes traveled abroad on a freighter to the Senegal, Nigeria, the Cameroons, Belgium Congo, Angola, and Guinea in Africa, and later to Italy and France, Russia and Spain. One of his favorite pastimes whether abroad or in Washington, D.C. or Harlem, New York was sitting in the clubs listening to blues, jazz and writing poetry. Through these experiences a new rhythm emerged in his writing, and a series of poems such as The Weary Blues were penned. He returned to Harlem, in 1924, the period known as the Harlem Renaissance. During this period, his work was frequently published and his writing flourished. In 1925 he moved to Washington, D.C., still spending more time in blues and jazz clubs. He said, I tried to write poems like the songs they sang on Seventh Street...(these songs) had the pulse beat of the people who keep on going. At this same time, Hughes accepted a job with Dr. Carter G. Woodson, editor of the Journal of Negro Life and History and founder of Black History Wee k in 1926. He returned to his beloved Harlem later that year. Langston Hughes received a scholarship to Lincoln University, in Pennsylvania, where he received his B.A. degree in 1929. In 1943, he was awarded an honorary Litt.D by his alma mater; a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1935 and a Rosenwald Fellowship in 1940. Based on a conversation with a man he knew in a Harlem bar, he created a character know as My Simple Minded Friend in a series of essays in the form of a dialogue. In 1950, he named this lovable character Jess B. Simple, and authored a series of books on him. Langston Hughes was a prolific writer. In the forty-odd years between his first book in 1926 and his death in 1967, he devoted his life to writing and lecturing. He wrote sixteen books of poems, two novels, three collections of short stories, four volumes of editorial and documentary fiction, twenty plays, children's poetry, musicals and operas, three autobiographies, a dozen radio and television scripts and dozens of magazine articles. In addition, he edited seven anthologies. The long and distinguished list of Hughes' works includes: Not Without Laughter (1930); The Big Sea (1940); I Wonder As I Wander (1956), his autobiographies. His collections of

How Economists Define and Measure Treatment Effects

How Economists Define and Measure Treatment Effects The term treatment effect  is defined as the average causal effect of a variable on an outcome variable that is of scientific or economic interest. The term first gained traction in the field of medical research where is originated. Since its inception, the term has broadened and has begun to be used more generally as in economic research. Treatment Effects in Economic Research Perhaps one of the most famous examples of treatment effect research in economics is that of a training program or advanced education. At the lowest level, economists have been interested in comparing the earnings or wages of two primary groups: one who participated in the training program and one who did not. An empirical study of treatment effects generally begins with these types of straightforward comparisons. But in practice, such comparisons have the great potential to lead researchers to misleading  conclusions of causal effects, which brings us to the primary problem in treatment effects research. Classic Treatment Effects Problems and Selection Bias In the language of scientific experimentation, a treatment is something done to a person that might have an effect. In the absence of randomized, controlled experiments, discerning the effect of a treatment like a college education or a job training program on income can be clouded by the fact that the person made the choice to be treated. This is known in the scientific research community as selection bias and, it is one of the ​principle  problems in the estimation of treatment effects. The problem of selection bias essentially comes down to the chance that treated individuals may differ from non-treated individuals for reasons other than the treatment itself. As such, the outcomes such treatment would actually a combined result of the persons propensity to choose the treatment and the effects of the treatment itself. Measuring the treatments true effect while screening out the effects of selection bias is the classic treatment effects problem. How Economists Handle Selection Bias In order to measure true treatment effects, economists have certain methods available to them. A standard method is to regress the outcome on other predictors that do not vary with time as well as whether the person took the treatment or not. Using the previous edition treatment example introduced above, an economist may apply a regression of wages not only on years-of-education but also on test scores meant to measure abilities or motivation. The researcher may come to find that both years-of-education and test scores are positively correlated with subsequent wages, so when interpreting the findings the coefficient found on years of education has been partly cleansed of the factors predicting which people would have chosen to have more education. Building upon the use of regressions in treatment effects research, economists may turn to what is known as the potential outcomes framework, which was originally introduced by statisticians. Potential outcomes models use essentially the same methods as switching regression models, but potential outcomes models are not tied to a linear regression framework as are switching regressions.  A more advanced method based upon these modeling techniques is the Heckman two-step.

The Constraints and Opportunities for an E-Commerce Strategy Assignment - 1

The Constraints and Opportunities for an E-Commerce Strategy - Assignment Example It should also allow the customers to give feedback and share their business experience with others. This helps to attract more customers to your business. The second element is the layout. The layout should help to ease navigation around the website. A simple layout facilitates the navigation process, therefore, allowing customers to easily locate the products and services that they need. It also facilitates the payment process. The third element is the ordering process, which can also be referred to as the shopping cart. This is part of the purchasing process and it should be designed to suit the needs of the customers and the employees. It should be designed in a way that facilitates understanding between the employees and the customer. The business should provide a shopping cart that meets the customers’ needs. The fourth element is the payment process. The website should facilitate the exchange of funds from the employee to the business. One should consider how the custom ers will pay for the products and services by establishing a mode of payment that can easily be transacted by the customer. The payments should also appear real time to eliminate misunderstandings that could arise from delays. The fifth element to consider is the order fulfillment. All transactions that have been paid off should be completed through the delivery of the relevant products and services. This helps to build trust and attract new customers through positive ratings (Clark, 2012). Â  There are several opportunities that a business can receive from engaging in e-commerce. Firstly, the business is able to target a wide range of customers. The internet has very many users from different backgrounds; therefore, one can easily locate many potential clients using a single interface. Secondly, it is a form of marketing.

Multinational Corporation Influences Research Paper

Multinational Corporation Influences - Research Paper Example This structure has individual departments and the workers work in their own area of expertise, and this system enhances the function of each department. Workers have close contact and can share knowledge which is healthy in terms of product advancement and at the same time functional structure is an economical structure. Centralization of this structure causes flexibility problems among different departments.Divisional Structure is flexible in terms of adopting changes, occur in an environment. Each department is responsible for different product and work is always carried out with their individual finances, marketing strategies or warehouses etc. This structure needs a duplication in its resources because the workers of the same field are divided into different departments and thus there no exchange of information or knowledge between workers. Innovative and differentiation strategies are always part of a divisional structure.Matrix Structure is complicated but is the most accurate structure. It has both above-explained structures within itself and works with functional structure with assigned managers for each product. The matrix structure is the most difficult structure to be implemented because of its dual authority as there are sometimes two managers for each product: Product manager and functional manager, but it is very productive for Multinational Corporations. In short matrix structure is a cross functional structure which carries a plentiful space for improvement and innovation before the product is released for market inflow.

Interview Analysis Essay Example for Free

Interview Analysis Essay For the interview section of the group project, I decided to interview a twenty-five year old woman who resides in the San Francisco bay area in California. Choosing to have her personal identity remain anonymous, the interviewee has granted us permission to refer to her as the alias Mary. Mary is currently married to a thirty year old man and has one nine year old son. Surprisingly, Mary did not contract the disease by having heterosexual intercourse with her partner like so many other women have gotten HIV. She had obtained the disease through intravenous means. Mary’s husband and son are not HIV positive. Mary has been living with HIV for the past six years. Throughout the interview, Mary had a very wise and warm aurora about her. Her cheery and positive attitude and optimistic outlook on life was evident. I questioned Mary of her understanding of HIV/AIDS before and after her diagnosis six years ago. She had explained that since she was nineteen years of age, she has struggled with depression and turned to shooting heroin as a coping mechanism. Mary, like most adolescents, was completely unaware she could obtain the disease through sharing needles; she thought HIV was spread only through homosexual intercourse. When Mary had discovered she was in fact positive of having HIV, feelings of embarrassment and fear, and thoughts of suicide swam though her head. Questions such as â€Å"how can I tell my husband (boyfriend at the time)†, â€Å"what will my family think†, â€Å"will I be able to see my son graduate or get married†. However, after years of continued counseling, Mary has come to a brighter understanding of her diagnosis. â€Å"Having HIV is not a death sentence and I can still live a semi normal life. † By attending support groups, conversing with individuals living relatively normal lives after obtaining the disease, going to therapy and talking with doctors, Mary found solace. â€Å"Even my husband (boyfriend at the time) was very supportive. I thought he would have ran for the hills! † Mary said, chuckling. Mary’s family were also understanding. Her family sends money to help pay the medical bills and offers an aiding hand in raising her nine year old son. Stated earlier in the interview, after obtaining HIV, Mary has had a very warm and vibrant aurora about her. Since learning of her condition, Mary has learned that she is stronger than she had previously considered herself to be. â€Å"I felt that I (could) handle anything thrown at me. † I really commend and praise Mary for her courageous outlook on her life. That even after hitting this speed bump, she has taken on a positive attitude and confidence regarding life. When I inquired Mary about how she told her family, she said she told her husband first then her other relatives at Sunday dinner. Tears were shed but eventually her family initially stood by her side. What really stood out to me the most during this part of the interview was her son’s reaction to the news. â€Å"My husband and I told my son together and explained to him what mommy has. He asked if I was going to die and I told him not for a very long time. He then preceded to play with his Legos as if I had told him it was raining outside. After asking Mary if she had anything to say to the other women of the world living with HIV, she smiled and stated â€Å"For all those beautiful, strong women of the world living with this condition, do not pity yourself. Keep your immune system working by eating healthy and taking vitamins and taking your meds. I know sometimes life seems unfair but it’s worth living. You’re all strong and beautiful. Never believe otherwis e. † This was the most inspiring words and heartfelt words Mary has said throughout the entire interview. For the past four years, Mary has been completely clean of drugs and alcohol. For the past five years, Mary has been attending therapy twice a month and has recently stopped frequently going to the doctor because monetary issues and her insurance has dropped her from her coverage. Mary still receives standard antiretroviral therapy to suppress the HIV virus and to stop it from progressing to AIDS and practices safe sex by using a condom and dental dam. To wrap up the interview I questioned if Mary had anything she would like relatives or anyone else to know about HIV. â€Å"For the relatives, it takes a village to raise a child. Even though I was nineteen years old, a mother and living on my own, I was in fact still a child. After being diagnosed, I was especially vulnerable; it was like I was born again†¦For the others, don’t judge a book by its cover. You never know who is living with this disease and never know how hard the struggle is to live with this disease. † It was really a pleasure and a treat to talk to such a kind, strong, woman who has been through so much in her life yet achieved so much regardless the circumstances. Mary is a wonderful mother, an attentive wife and has earned her Associates degree and is now a receptionist.

Free College Essays - The Sword in the Stone :: Sword in the Stone Essays

The Sword in the Stone The Sword in the Stone is a book about an adopted child named Wart. He is of royal blood and does not know this.   One day when Wart is in the forest, he finds a magician named Merlin.   Merlin comes home with Wart and agrees with Sir Ector, Wart's guardian, to become Wart's tutor.   Merlin goes about educating Wart by transforming him into different animals. Through each transformation Wart experiences different forms of power, each being a part of how he should rule as king.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first transformation plunges Wart and Merlin into the castle's moat as fish.   They proceed to meet the largest fish in the moat, who is the ruler.   This fish takes what he wants because of his size.   In a speech about power, he tells Wart that, "Might is right," and might of the body is greater than might of the mind. Because of the way the fish-king rules, his subjects obey him out of fear for their lives.   Wart experiences this firsthand when the fish-king tells him to leave.   He has grown bored of Wart, and if Wart does not leave he will eat him.   The king uses his size as his claim to power, therefore his subjects follow him out of fear.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Wart's next transformation into a hawk, he soars into the castle's mews.   All the birds in the mews have a military rank. Their leader is an old falcon, who Sir Ector keeps for show.   The birds who rank below the falcon, hold her in highest regard because of her age.   She applies her power over the other birds with no concern for their lives.   In one instance, Wart is ordered to stand next to the cage of a crazy hawk who almost kills him.   On the other hand, her seasoned age brings respect, since she had not been released once she outlived her usefulness as a huntress.   This allows her to maintain a powerful grip over all the birds she rules through fear and respect.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Next, Wart is transformed into an ant and posted within an ant colony. There is a single leader of the ants, and she is the only thinking

Political philosophy Essay

Among the many substantial contributions to the field of modern philosophy made by John Rawls, there is one particular aspect of his most memorable work that has been a subject of notable controversy among feminists and other critics of gender-based injustices. Rawls is widely regarded as having revolutionized the modern field of political philosophy by â€Å"breaking the intuitionism-utilitarianism deadlock† (Kymlicka, 2002, p. 55). However, according to critics like Susan Moller Okin, while Rawls has accounted for most institutions of society when elaborating his theory of justice, his categorization of family as a basic institution has led to an exclusion of those not qualifying as a â€Å"head of household† from the original position, creating the potential for significant gender-based injustices within his theory. This discrepancy has been extended by other critics including Eva Kittay, who demonstrates Rawls’ lack of attention to the issue of dependency. Throughout the course of this essay, we will examine these criticisms and others in determining the susceptibility to gender-based injustices present in John Rawls’ theory and principles of justice. An outstanding explanation and brief overview of certain key aspects of a philosophical perspective advocated by Rawls comes from Samuel Sheffler (2001, p. 20), stating: In summary, then, Rawls agrees with utilitarianism about the desirability of providing a systematic account of justice that reduces the scope for intuitionistic balancing and offers a clear and constructive solution to the priority problem; about the need to subordinate common? sense precepts of justice to a higher criterion; and about the holistic character of distributive justice. Rawls’ views may be regarded as revolutionary in that he was among the first to present a systematic alternative to utilitarianism that would account for intuitions that might be held as a necessity, and one of the first to attempt developing a systematic political theory to structure our different intuitions. Because of this, Rawls’ work has become a philosophical standard that has served as a basis for comparison of justice theory throughout recent generations (Kymlicka, 2002, p.54). It is for this reason that the theory of justice presented by Rawls has apparently drawn so much criticism. While containing a number of uncertainties, particularly pertaining to gender-based injustices and dependency, the intellectual contributions of Rawls have been invaluable to the development of the field of political philosophy, in general. Issues of justice pertaining to gender in Rawls’ theory would, upon reading most of his work, appear to be favorable toward equality for all classes of citizens. For example (Rawls, 1971, p.11): My aim is to present a conception of justice which generalizes and carries to a higher level of abstraction the familiar theory of the social contract as found, say, in Locke, Rousseau, and Kant. The issue to be examined is whether or not Rawls’ social contract theory applies a superior standard of justice to all members and classes within a given society. In A Theory of Justice, Rawls explains that â€Å"laws and institutions no matter how efficient and well-arranged must be reformed or abolished if they are unjust† (1971, p. 3). He devises a method, a thought experiment, to evaluate the conditions that might exist under a â€Å"veil of ignorance† where â€Å"parties do not know their conceptions of the good or their special psychological propensities† (p. 11). These circumstances are what define the original position, as defined by Rawls, who then develops his theory on two principles that he believes would be agreed upon by those parties in the original position. The first principle suggests that â€Å"each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive scheme of equal basic liberties compatible with a similar scheme of liberties for others†. The second principle states: â€Å"social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both (a) reasonably expected to be to everyone’s advantage, and (b) attached to positions and offices open to all† (p. 53). It is the ambiguity of the phrases â€Å"to everyone’s advantage† and â€Å"open to all† that has received the most scrutiny from feminists and other critics of gender based inadequacies in Rawls’ theory of justice. A feminism advocate and noteworthy critic of Rawls has been Susan Moller Okin, who has said, â€Å"[a]n ambiguity runs throughout John Rawls’ A Theory of Justice, continually noticeable to anyone reading it from a feminist perspective† (Okin, 1987, p. 44). While Okin concedes that Rawls’ â€Å"liberal principles can lead us to challenge fundamentally the gender system of our society†, she goes on to say that â€Å"this challenge is barely hinted at, much less developed†, referring to the evident lack of material presented by Rawls that might clarify, among other things, the outcome of wives and other women who are regarded as subordinates in the social institution of family. Okin criticises the predominantly-masculine terms of references used by Rawls to describe any individuals or persons mentioned in his theory, suggesting that the equal inclusion of women may not have been a foremost concern when Rawls developed the foundations for these principles of justice (p. 45). While it remains true, in A Theory of Justice, that Rawls uses masculine terms most frequently, it is unclear whether or not he does so in order to more effectively communicate his ideas to a contemporary philosophical audience, in which these predominantly masculine terms of references had been applied, almost exclusively, for generations. Okin’s next concern is with regard to Rawls’ assumption that family is a just institution. Based on the most relevant context in A Theory of Justice, pertaining to family as the first school of moral development, Rawls inadequately asserts that â€Å"family institutions are just† (Rawls cited by Okin, 1987, p. 48). Since it is Rawls’ intent and burden to demonstrate that both principles of justice as fairness are hypothetically agreeable between individuals in the original position, Okin makes a valid point with the following statement (p.49): †¦ [S]ince those in the original position are the heads or representatives of families, they are not in a position to determine questions of justice within families. This argument is sustained and further clarified by Kittay (1997, p. 229): If parties to the OP already have a determined social position relative to the family, they will not choose the principles of justice in ignorance of their social position. And in the framework of Rawlsian constructivism, only principles that we choose in ignorance of our social position will issue in fair principles with respect to the basic institutions. Since Rawls does want to say that the family is a basic institution, and since justice should then pertain to the family, the parties cannot be heads of households. With this in mind, it would appear Okin is correct when outlining this apparent flaw in the â€Å"veil of ignorance† envisioned by Rawls. Despite noting that Rawls does, on at least two occasions, seem to acknowledge that women may be equally likely to be regarded as a â€Å"head of family† or to be included in the original position, Okin challenges the ongoing assumptions present throughout Part II of A Theory of Justice and contends again that Rawls’ consistent employment of supposedly male terms of reference â€Å"has the effect of banishing a large sphere of human life — and a particularly large sphere of most women’s lives — from the scope of the theory† (Okin, 1987, p.50). Rawls discusses the issue of wealth distribution in A Theory of Justice and, in accordance with his frequent omission of wives and many other women from the original position, does not account for certain factors that may influence a woman’s success in the paid labor force. Okin states that, in all contemporary societies, â€Å"a much larger proportion of women’s than men’s labor is unpaid, and is often not acknowledged to be labor† (1987, p. 50). While this condition may not necessarily prevail under Rawls’ theory of justice, at least not when women are represented as a â€Å"head of household†, for any discussion of justice within the family, these issues would have to be carefully considered. An interesting example of a woman’s role in the public sphere, or lack thereof, in Rawls’ arguments aimed to support his theory of justice is that of a military draft. Despite his statement that there should be â€Å"no avoidable class bias in selecting those who are called for duty† (Rawls cited by Okin, 1987, p.50), Rawls had failed to include any mention of the exemption of women from this aspect of equal citizenship and civil duty (Okin, 1987, p. 50). Such exclusions are in stark contrast to the notion of â€Å"equality of opportunity† in a Rawlsian society as depicted by Kymlicka (p. 58): Why does the ideology of equal opportunity seem fair to many people in our society? Because it ensures that people’s fate is determined by their choices, rather than their circumstances. If I am pursuing some personal ambition in a society that has equality of opportunity, then my success or failure will be determined by my performance, not by my race or class or sex. Equality of opportunity is one of the challenges faced by Rawls when developing his theory of justice. As part of an adequate conception of social cooperation, political justice must account for dependency concerns. Rawls admits to the mostly unsupported assumption â€Å"that everyone has physical needs and psychological capacities within some normal range† (Rawls cited by Kittay, 1997, p.225). This is, of course, mostly untrue as a large percentage of the population will consist of people who are seriously ill, children, and elderly. Not only is dependency a factor for these individuals; it also applies to the caretakers whose overall functioning capacity in society would be reduced by their obligation to care for those who are in need of constant attention. Kittay outlines some of the reasons dependency concerns are relevant to social cooperation and political justice (1997, p.232): [F]irst, because they are rational and reasonable considerations in choosing a conception of justice; second, because a society that does not care for its dependents or that cares for them only by unfairly exploiting the labor of those who do the caring cannot be said to be well-ordered [†¦ ]; and, third, because when we reorient our political insights to see the centrality of human relationships to our happiness and well-being, we recognize dependency needs as basic motivations for creating a social order. The argument that issues related to dependency should be an important foundation for any theory of justice has been well-supported by Kittay and other critics. According to Kittay (p. 239), if we all â€Å"took turns being dependent and dependency workers, we would repay the debt, incurred during periods of dependency, of benefits-received-without-burdens-assumed†. Of course, such a circumstance does not reasonably exist and, therefore, the burdens and responsibilities of the dependency worker are drastically different than those of a fully-functioning citizen. The worker will simply not have the resources to maintain â€Å"an equal right to the most extensive scheme of equal basic liberties† as allocated by Rawls’ first principle of justice (Rawls, 1971, p. 53). In conclusion, Okin’s claim that Rawls’ theory of justice fails to address gender-based injustice both within the family and the public sphere is sustained with legitimate arguments and reasonable inquiry. Rawls’ theory of justice, at its current stage, does not appear to apply equally to all classes of citizens, namely women. The parties in the original position would have an inadequate â€Å"veil of ignorance† if their association to family was known, preventing an impartial assignment of ‘principles’. Kittay’s extension of the argument pertaining to gender-based injustices to dependency relations carries the significance of Rawls’ discrepancies even further when demonstrating the full extent by which dependency workers, which are predominantly female, are further constricted by Rawls’ failure to account for existing inequalities pertaining to dependency and dependency work. In essence, the lack of sufficient acknowledgement of gender-based injustice on behalf of Rawls may very well be the greatest weakness of his theory. With the passage of time, however, new developments in the field of political philosophy may give rise to a system that will account for these important variables. REFERENCES Kymlicka, Will. (2002), Contemporary Political Philosophy. Oxford University Press, New York. Okin, Susan Moller. (1987), â€Å"Justice and gender†. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 16: Kittay, Eva Feder. (1997), â€Å"Human dependency and Rawlsian Equality† in Feminists Rethink the Self, Meyers, Diana Tietjens Rawls, John. (1971), A Theory of Justice. Harvard University Press. Sheffler, Samuel. (2001), ‘Rawls and Utilitarianism’, Boundaries and Allegiances: Problems of Justice and Responsibility in Liberal Thought. Oxford University Press, New York.

The Global Financial Crisis on India Essay - 2493 Words

Why do you think India remained relatively insulated from the financial crises? The contagion is truly global in a globalized world. How can the high priests of globalization in India expect to insulate the country from this all-pervasive crisis? - By S. Shivaraman It is not right to say that a country is insulated from financial crisis in today’s globalized world. In some way or the other there will be an effect of failed programme of one country on the other. The moment we say that we are global (global meaning when we do not have any restriction on transactions with other geography’s), we become non-insulated to the†¦show more content†¦Indian economy has been affected by the financial crisis but the effect is less for which there exists various reasons. But it does not mean that it is not affected at all, the individual areas show the effect of these financial crises in the economy. In this paper I will write about the reason for both why the effect was less and the areas which were affected by the financial crisis and how. â€Å"At the outset, it must be admitted that the abundant caution exercised by the former RBI Governor, Dr. Y. V. Reddy and going slow on opening up new complex financial products helped to insulate the country’s from a major financial crisis† . There have been reflective discussions on the effects of the Global Financial Crisis on India. Facts tell us that while the world economy seemed to be collapsing in 2008/09, India’s GDP expanded by 6.7%. The Federal Bank and the Bank of England cut their policy rates to rock-bottom levels to 0.25% and 0.50% respectively . This action was a means of adopting an expansionary monetary policy in pursuit of enhancing economic activity and investment amongst consumers and firms. At every Central Bank meeting, during the past 2 years, we saw governors extremely concerned about the recession. They did whatever they could to pick up the economy and boost consumer confidence. When interest rates reached their minimum levels, their hands were tied and they needed to look for another tool. Over theShow MoreRelatedThe Global Financial Crisis Of India1441 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: The Global financial sector had seen one of the worst Global economic meltdown of staggering proportions. The root cause of the problem was substandard loans offered to a large number of customers with inadequate income by the United States Mortgage market. This crisis was commonly known as the Sub-prime crisis. These sub-prime mortgages were packaged and traded into securitized paper investments and were sold by the major financial institutions across the globe. 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